Write a generic data type for a deque and a randomized queue. The goal of this assignment is to implement elementary data structures using arrays and linked lists, and to introduce you to generics and iterators.

Dequeue. A double-ended queue or deque (pronounced “deck”) is a generalization of a stack and a queue that supports adding and removing items from either the front or the back of the data structure. Create a generic data type Deque that implements the following API:

public class Deque<Item> implements Iterable<Item> {
   public Deque()                           // construct an empty deque
   public boolean isEmpty()                 // is the deque empty?
   public int size()                        // return the number of items on the deque
   public void addFirst(Item item)          // add the item to the front
   public void addLast(Item item)           // add the item to the end
   public Item removeFirst()                // remove and return the item from the front
   public Item removeLast()                 // remove and return the item from the end
   public Iterator<Item> iterator()         // return an iterator over items in order from front to end
   public static void main(String[] args)   // unit testing (required)
}

Corner cases.  Throw the specified exception for the following corner cases:

• Throw a java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the client calls either addFirst() or addLast() with a null argument.
• Throw a java.util.NoSuchElementException if the client calls either removeFirst() or removeLast when the deque is empty.
• Throw a java.util.NoSuchElementException if the client calls the next() method in the iterator when there are no more items to return.
• Throw a java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException if the client calls the remove() method in the iterator.

Unit testing.  Your main() method call each public constructor and method directly and help verify that they work as prescribed (e.g., by printing results to standard output).

Performance requirements.  Your deque implementation must support each deque operation (including construction) in constant worst-case time. A deque containing n items must use at most 48n + 192 bytes of memory. Additionally, your iterator implementation must support each operation (including construction) in constant worst-case time.

Randomized queue. A randomized queue is similar to a stack or queue, except that the item removed is chosen uniformly at random from items in the data structure. Create a generic data type RandomizedQueue that implements the following API:

public class RandomizedQueue<Item> implements Iterable<Item> {
   public RandomizedQueue()                 // construct an empty randomized queue
   public boolean isEmpty()                 // is the randomized queue empty?
   public int size()                        // return the number of items on the randomized queue
   public void enqueue(Item item)           // add the item
   public Item dequeue()                    // remove and return a random item
   public Item sample()                     // return a random item (but do not remove it)
   public Iterator<Item> iterator()         // return an independent iterator over items in random order
   public static void main(String[] args)   // unit testing (required)
}

Iterator.  Each iterator must return the items in uniformly random order. The order of two or more iterators to the same randomized queue must be mutually independent; each iterator must maintain its own random order.

Corner cases.  Throw the specified exception for the following corner cases:

• Throw a java.lang.IllegalArgumentException if the client calls enqueue() with a null argument.
• Throw a java.util.NoSuchElementException if the client calls either sample() or dequeue() when the randomized queue is empty.
• Throw a java.util.NoSuchElementException if the client calls the next() method in the iterator when there are no more items to return.
• Throw a java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException if the client calls the remove() method in the iterator.

Unit testing.  Your main() method must call each public constructor and method directly and help verify that they work as prescribed (e.g., by printing results to standard output).

Performance requirements.  Your randomized queue implementation must support each randomized queue operation (besides creating an iterator) in constant amortized time. That is, any sequence of m randomized queue operations (starting from an empty queue) must take at most cm steps in the worst case, for some constant c. A randomized queue containing n items must use at most 48n + 192 bytes of memory. Additionally, your iterator implementation must support operations next() and hasNext() in constant worst-case time; and construction in linear time; you may (and will need to) use a linear amount of extra memory per iterator.

Client. Write a client program Permutation.java that takes an integer k as a command-line argument; reads in a sequence of strings from standard input using StdIn.readString(); and prints exactly k of them, uniformly at random. Print each item from the sequence at most once.

% more distinct.txt                        % more duplicates.txt
A B C D E F G H I                          AA BB BB BB BB BB CC CC

% java Permutation 3 < distinct.txt        % java Permutation 8 < duplicates.txt
C                                          BB
G                                          AA
A                                          BB
                                           CC
% java Permutation 3 < distinct.txt        BB
E                                          BB
F                                          CC
G                                          BB

public class Permutation {
   public static void main(String[] args)
}

Command-line input.  You may assume that 0 ≤ k ≤ n, where n is the number of string on standard input.

Performance requirements.  The running time of Permutation must be linear in the size of the input. You may use only a constant amount of memory plus either one Deque or RandomizedQueue object of maximum size at most n. (For an extra challenge and a small amount of extra credit, use only one Deque or RandomizedQueue object of maximum size at most k.)

Deliverables. Submit the programs RandomizedQueue.java, Deque.java, and Permutation.java, along with a readme.txt file, answering all questions. Your submission may not call library functions except those in StdIn, StdOut, StdRandom, java.lang, java.util.Iterator, and java.util.NoSuchElementException. In particular, do not use either java.util.LinkedList or java.util.ArrayList.