Programming Assignment Checklist: N-Body Simulation
- Learn about a scientific computing application.
- Learn about reading input using the StdIn library.
- Learn about plotting graphics using the StdDraw library.
- Learn about using the command line to redirect standard input to read from a file.
- Use arrays.
Frequently Asked Questions
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What's the easiest way to copy the nbody directory from the
COS 126 ftp site
to my computer?
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Internet Explorer. Click the ftp link above, then right click the
nbody folder, select Copy To Folder, and choose
the desired location.
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Safari.
Click the ftp link above to mount the ftp site, then drag-and-drop
the nbody folder from the ftp mount to the desired location.
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Firefox.
Install the DownThemAll! plugin
to support downloading all of the links contained in a webpage and use it.
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Alternative.
Click the ftp link above, download the file nbody.zip, and unzip the contents.
DrJava doesn't let me redirect standard input. What should I do instead?
Use the command line. Here are instructions for configuring your system
to use the command line:
[
Windows ·
Mac ·
Linux
]
How do I plot a picture using StdDraw?
The command StdDraw.picture(x, y, filename) plots
the image in the given filename (either JPEG, GIF, or PNG format)
on the canvas, centered on (x, y).
My computer doesn't display the animation smoothly.
Is there anything I can do?
Use StdDraw.show(30) to turn on the animation mode of standard
draw. Call it once at the end of each time step, not after each
each drawing command.
Can I combine Steps 1, 2, and 3 into one massive loop?
No! This will simultaneously screw up the physics and make your
code harder to understand and debug.
I draw the planets, but nothing appears on the screen. Why?
Use StdDraw.setXscale() and
StdDraw.setYscale() to change the coordinate
system to use the physics coordinates instead of the unit box.
My planets don't move.
Make sure that you are using a large enough value of Δt
(we specify 25000, but you might want a smaller one when debugging).
My planets repel each other. Why don't they attract each other?
Make sure that you get the sign right when you apply Newton's law of gravitation:
(x[j] - x[i]) vs. (x[i] - x[j]).
Note that Δx and Δy can be positive or negative
so do not use Math.abs().
Do not consider changing the universal gravitational constant G to
patch your code!
What is Δx?
It's the change in x-coordinate between two bodies (not between
a body at time t and at time t + Δt).
When I compile NBody.java, it says "cannot resolve symbol StdDraw."
Any thoughts?
Be sure you have either StdDraw.java or
StdDraw.class in the current directory.
How do I submit the extra credit?
Submit the extra credit file in the Additional Files dropbox window.
Document what you did in
your readme.txt file.
How do I change my directory to the H: drive from the Windows Command Prompt?
Type H: at the command prompt. Then cd to the appropriate
directory.
Everything works until I add StdAudio.play("2001.mid") then
everything hangs. What do I do? On some machines there may be a race
problem between sending things to the drawing window and sending things to
the sound card. Try moving StdAudio.play() to a place in the
program after your initial calls to StdDraw.setXscale() and
StdDraw.setYscale().
These are purely suggestions for how you might make progress. You do
not have to follow these steps.
Warning: this program is more involved than the previous ones, and
you should budget more time accordingly.
The best advice we can give you is to carefully test, debug, and
re-test your code as you write it. Do not attempt
to write the whole program at once - if you do, then you will have
no idea where to find the error if the program doesn't work.
We promise that proactive testing will save you enormous amounts
of time in the long run. Trust us!
Also, if you get stumped or frustrated on some portion of the assignment,
you should not hesitate to consult a preceptor.
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Copy the nbody directory from the
COS 126 ftp site
to your computer in a new directory nbody.
In particular, be sure you have
StdDraw.class, StdIn.class, StdAudio.class,
the image files, and the sample input files in your working directory.
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Read Section 1.5.
Review
DeluxeBouncingBall.java for help with standard draw. There are many
methods in standard draw, but for this assignment, you won't need more than the
ones that are used in DeluxeBouncingBall.java.
Review
Students.java for help with standard input.
Compile and execute both of these programs to make sure your system is
configured properly.
For DeluxeBouncingBall.java you will also need the sound files
laser.wav and
pop.wav.
For Students.java you can use the file
students.txt as input.
- Read in the data file planets.txt using standard input.
To test that you read it in correctly, print the information back out
using standard output. Do not even think of continuing
until you have checked that you read in the data correctly.
- Now, read in the data file and store the information
in several arrays. Let rx[i], ry[i],
vx[i], vy[i], and mass[i]
be real numbers which store the current position (x and y coordinates),
velocity (x and y components), and mass of planet i.
Let image[i] be a string which represents
the filename of the GIF image used to display planet i.
Print the information back out.
- Step 3.
Plot the background starmap.jpg image.
Note that StdDraw.picture(x, y, file) centers the picture
on (x, y). Test that it works.
Now, write a loop to plot the N bodies.
If all goes correctly, you should see the four stationary planets
and the sun.
Now, go and test it on another data file.
- Step 2.
Write a loop to calculate the new velocity and position for each body.
(This code goes before the plotting code you wrote in Step 3.)
Since we haven't yet incorporated gravity, assume the acceleration
acting on each planet is zero.
Add an outer loop to repeat Steps 2 and 3 forever.
Test it.
You should now see the four planets moving off the screen in a straight
line, with constant velocity.
Test it on another data file.
- Step 1.
Now, calculate the net force acting on each body.
(This code goes before the stuff you wrote in Step 2.)
You will need two additional arrays fx[i] and fy[i]
to store the net force acting planet i.
First, write a loop to initialize all the net forces to 0.0.
Then write two nested for
loops to calculate the net force exerted by planet j on planet i.
Add these values to fx[i] and fy[i], but skip the
case when i equals j. Once you have these values computed, go back
to Step 2 and use them to compute the acceleration (instead of
assuming it is zero).
Test your program on several data files.
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Finally, add the music. At the beginning of the simulation (outside of any loop),
use StdAudio.play("2001.mid") to play the 2001 theme.
Test it.
Inserting debugging prints to look at the results of your computation
is a good way to trace what your program is doing.
Here are our results after the first two time steps using
planets.txt as input. The output is created with this print statement:
System.out.printf("%10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %10.3e %12s\n",
rx[i], ry[i], vx[i], vy[i], mass[i], image[i]);
Initial data:
5
2.50e+11
1.496e+11 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 2.980e+04 5.974e+24 earth.gif
2.279e+11 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 2.410e+04 6.419e+23 mars.gif
5.790e+10 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 4.790e+04 3.302e+23 mercury.gif
0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 1.989e+30 sun.gif
1.082e+11 0.000e+00 0.000e+00 3.500e+04 4.869e+24 venus.gif
After one time step (delta t = 25000):
5
2.50e+11
1.496e+11 7.450e+08 -1.482e+02 2.980e+04 5.974e+24 earth.gif
2.279e+11 6.025e+08 -6.386e+01 2.410e+04 6.419e+23 mars.gif
5.788e+10 1.198e+09 -9.893e+02 4.790e+04 3.302e+23 mercury.gif
3.309e+01 0.000e+00 1.323e-03 0.000e+00 1.989e+30 sun.gif
1.082e+11 8.750e+08 -2.833e+02 3.500e+04 4.869e+24 venus.gif
After two time steps:
5
2.50e+11
1.496e+11 1.490e+09 -2.964e+02 2.980e+04 5.974e+24 earth.gif
2.279e+11 1.205e+09 -1.277e+02 2.410e+04 6.419e+23 mars.gif
5.783e+10 2.394e+09 -1.979e+03 4.788e+04 3.302e+23 mercury.gif
9.926e+01 2.820e-01 2.647e-03 1.128e-05 1.989e+30 sun.gif
1.082e+11 1.750e+09 -5.666e+02 3.500e+04 4.869e+24 venus.gif
- Here are some interesting
two-body systems, perhaps relevant to the extra credit.
Here is beautiful 21-body system
in a figure-8 - reproducing this one will definitely earn you extra credit.
- Here is a
website
that generates music using an N-body simulator!
- Here's a wealth of information on
N-body simulation [pdf].
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I'm a physicist. Why should I use the leapfrog method instead of
the formula I derived in high school?
In other words, why does the position update formula use the velocity at the
updated time step rather than the previous one?
Why not use the 1/2 a t^2 formula?
The leapfrog method is more stable for integrating Hamiltonian systems
than conventional numerical methods like Euler's method or Runge-Kutta.
The leapfrog method is symplectic, which means it preserves properties
specific to Hamiltonian systems (conservation of linear and angular momentum,
time-reversibility, and conservation of energy of the discrete Hamiltonian).
In contrast, ordinary numerical methods become dissipative and exhibit
qualitatively different long-term behavior. For example, the earth would slowly
spiral into (or away from) the sun. For these reasons, symplectic methods
are extremely popular for N-body calculations in practice. You asked!
Here's a more complete explanation of how you should interpret the variables.
The classic Euler method updates the position uses the velocity
at time t instead of using the updated velocity
at time t + Δt.
A better idea is to use the velocity at the midpoint
t + Δt / 2.
The leapfrog method does this in a clever way. It maintains the
position and velocity one-half time step out of phase: At
the beginning of an iteration,
(rx, ry) represents
the position at time t and
(vx, vy) represents
the velocity at time t - Δt / 2. Interpreting
the position and velocity in this way, the updated position
(rx + Δt vx,
ry + Δt vy).
uses the velocity at time t + Δt / 2.
Almost magically, the only special care needed to deal with the
half time-steps is to initialize the system's
the velocity at time t = -Δt / 2 (instead of
t = 0).
Note also that the acceleration is computed at time t
so that when we update the velocity, we are using the acceleration
at the midpoint of the interval under consideration.
- Here's some of the
N-body physics.
- N-body simulations play a crucial role in our understanding of the
universe. Astrophysicists use it to study stellar dynamics at the galactic
center, stellar dynamics in a globular cluster, colliding galaxies, and
the formation of the structure of the Universe. The strongest evidence we have
for the belief that there is a black hole in the center of the Milky Way comes
from very accurate N-body simulations. Many of the problems that astrophysicists
want to solve have millions or billions of particles. More sophisticated computational
techniques are needed.
- The same methods are also widely used in molecular dynamics, except
that the heavenly bodies are replaced by atoms, gravity is replaced by some other
force, and the leapfrog method is called Verlet's method.
With van der Waals forces, the interaction energy may decay as 1/R^6 instead of
an inverse square law. Occasionally, 3-way interactions must be taken into
account, e.g., to account for the covalent bonds in diamond crystals.
COS 126 Assignments
Kevin Wayne